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Summary of the working plan for South Betul Forest Division
for the period
2006-07 to 2015-16
Part – 1
Summary of the facts on which proposals are based
Chapter - 1
The Tract dealt with
1.1 Name and situation :- This Working Plan covers all the reserved and demarcated protected forests of South Betul Forest Division. The area dealt with lies between 21º 21' 17" and 22º 6' 47" North latitudes and 77º 28' 00" and 78º 35' 26" East longitudes. During the plan period of Dr. R. P. Singh, some part of Amla Range was merged with North Betul Forest Division to form Ranipur Range. Shri B. K. Mishra has already prepared the working plan for the area, so handed over to North Betul Division. So, that area has been excluded from this working plan.
1.2 Configuration :- The area is mostly hilly tract which lies in Satpuda mountain ranges. The southern belt is more rugged than rest of the area. Tapti River originates from Multai, range H.Q. of the division, and flows for about 109 kilometers within the division. The elevation varies from 441.82 meters to 1133.03 meters above Mean Sea Level.
1.3 Geology :- The geological formations commonly met with are the Granites, Barakar Sand stones lying directly over the Granites and the Traps. The recent alluvium deposits are found on the banks of the major streams and rivers throughout the division. The forest soils vary from loose sand or reddish murrum to dark stiff clayey loam or black cotton soil, including all intermediate gradations. Trap soils, compared to soils derived from the Granite and the sand stone rocks, are more fertile.
1.4 Climate :- The tract bears a moderate climate and receives a good amount of annual rainfall (varying from 1959.22 m.m. to 1301.33 m.m.) from the South west mansoon. The summer is comparatively not so hot. The mean daily temperature varies from 18.7º C to 32.1º C. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded is 48.8º C. As such plant growth is safe from the inimical effect of high temperature.
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The mean annual rainfall is 1180.23 mm. and the normal range of annual rainfall is 1059.22 mm. to 1301.23 mm. Winter rains are generally common. The climate in the forest area is humid and conducive to good growth of deciduous vegetation. The analysis of climatic data indicates that from mid-June to November period is most suited for plant growth as the soil moisture conditions are optimum to fair, Climate is hot and dry to damp and general conditions of plant growth are most favourable. Thus, most suitable period of vegetation growth during a year is only about 5 months, resulting in dry deciduous type of natural vegetation. Where-ever the natural regeneration is inadequate, coppice growth and planting can be resorted for restocking the forest.
1.5 Water Supply :- The position of drinking water supply is generally satisfactory. In summer months, the problem of drinking water tends to be acute in certain areas e.g. Athner & its surroundings.
1.6 Distribution of area :- The area of reserved and protected forests, covered under this plan, are 86101 ha. and 30841.501 ha., respectively & distributed over six ranges.
1.7 State of boundaries :- The maintenance of boundaries, especially in case of protected forests, is extremely poor and requires immediate attention.
1.8 Legal Position :- All reserved forests of the division have been declared reserved in 1879. In case of demarcated protected forests, the settlement proceedings are pending with Sub-divisional officer (revenue).
1.9 Rights and concessions :- Reserved forests are not burdened with any kind of rights. The settlement proceedings are in progress in case of protected forest blocks. The state government, has allowed concessions in respect of grazing, small timber, bamboo, fuel & non-nationalised minor forest produces etc. These rightes/ concessions are compiled annually in the nistar patrika.
Chapter - 2
Forest Flora & Fauna
2.1 Composition and condition of the crop :- The forests of the plan area are broadly classified into teak and mixed forests. As per the "Revised survey of forest types of
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India" by champion and Seth, the forests of the division can be classified as – 1) Type 3 B – South tropical moist deciduous forests. 2) Type 5 A – South tropical dry deciduous forests, and 3) Type 4 F/R-5 Riparian fringing forests. Moist deciduous forests are found in very limited area in moist patches of the division.
2.2 In teak forests the % of teak is varying from 20 to 80%. Site Quality is generally M.P. III to IVA. Crop is mostly young aged. Density varies from 0.6 to 0.8 Blank and understocked patches are met with in patches through-out. Regeneration is patchy and inadequate. Teak is the main species in overwood. The associate species in the top storey are Saja, Dhaora, Lendia, Salai, Aonla, Bija, Rohan, Bhirra, Dudhi etc. The important species of understorey are Aonla, Tendu, Dhaman, Achar, Kasai, Ghont, Tinsa etc. Bamboo forest is limited to Amla range. Lantana, Marorphali, Dhawai, Siharu, Khareta, Nirgud, etc. are commonly present in the undergrowth. Grass species of the area are Muchhel, Rosha, Kail, Gondar, Kans etc.
Mahul, Keonti, Palasbel, Chilati, etc. are common climbers.
2.3 Large chunks of mixed forests are met with in Amla range due to fovourable soil types. Species composition of mixed forests is almost similar except that the percentage of teak decreases and percentage of other miscellaneous species increases. Bamboo forests are limited to Amla range. At places Dudhi, Saja, Bhirra, Dhaora and Harra are found in pure patches in the division.
2.4 Salai species is commonly found in Sawalmendha and Athner ranges. Drier conditions, Southern aspect, shallow soil and rocky slopes are main factors for presence of Salai in these areas.
2.5 Injuries to which the crop is liable : - Forests of the plan area suffer a great deal on account of illicit felling. Other factors are encroachments, fire and grazing for forest loss. Due to increasing biotic pressure, large blanks & under-stocked patches are common in protected forest areas. It is causing an exponential increase in the degraded forest area. Lantana is adversely affecting the regeneration.
2.6 Soil-erosion :- Blank areas, slopes and banks of water courses are more prone to sheet and rill erosion. At places gulley erosion and landslides are also met with.
2.7 Forest resources survey and Regeneration survey: -
1. Total No. of trees in whole plan area -6,26,78,648.
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2. Total growing stock in plan area - 49,86,120 cmt.
3. Average No. of trees per hectare in plan area - 535.76
4. Average growing stock per hectare in plan area - 42.62 cmt.
5. Total established regeneration per hectare in plan area - 776.32 Trees
6. No of bamboo Clumps per hectare in the bamboo forest area - 145.7
2.8. Wild life:- The mammals found in the plan area are tiger, panther, spotted deer, sambhar, hyena, fox, bear, blue bull, wild boar etc. Langoor and monkeys are also very common. In birds peacocks, parakeets, pigeons, quails, jungle myna, koels, crows, woodpeckers, common house sparrows etc. are found in the plan area. Among reptiles, snakes of various species e.g. cobra, crait, viper, rat snakes and python are found in the plan area. Among fishes rohu, samal, naren, chalwa, mangur, singhi etc. are found in the plan area.
Chapter - 3
Utilisation of produce
3.1 Agricultural customs & Requirements of population :- Socio - economic survey of the area indicates that agriculture and forest still play a pivotal role in rural economy. Agricultural holdings are small and traditional way of agriculture is prevalent. Poverty prevails in the area. Local people work as forest-laboureres to supplement their food and income. Scheduled tribe constitutes about 39% of the total population. The level of literacy is very low in general. Forest produce is in much demand for agricultural implements, housing and cooking. The demand is increasing day by day with the increase of population. Small timber, bamboo & fuel is supplied as per the new Nistar Policy 1996. Dry and fallen fuelwood is allowed to be taken out by head loads, free of cost.
3.2 Market and marketable produce :- The local demand for Timber and Tendupatta is less than the production and hence these items are exported. Non-nationalised minor forest produce Is allowed to be collected from forests free of cost.
3.3 Exploitation method & Cost :- Main forest produce is exploited departmentally. Tendupatta is collected & marketed through M. P. MFP ( Trade & Development) Co-operative Federation (Ltd.) With the increasing price index, the exploitation costs have also increased. Most of the forestry operations are carried out on job rates sanctioned by the Conservator of Forest of the circle.
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Chapter 4
Socio-Economic Survey
Socio-economic survey was conducted on 72 families of 5 forest villages and 184 families of five revenue villages. Main findings are as under -
1. The average family size in forest village and revenue village is 7.41 and 5.58 persons per family, respectively.
2. 72.65% villagers of the plan area reside in kutcha mud houses.
3. The average income of a revenue villager in 5.25 times higher than that of a forest villager.
4. 60% of the cow dung produced in plan area in used as fuel in the form of cow-dung-cakes.
5. The average consumption of timber and fuel wood in the plan area in three times and five times higher than the national average respectively.
Chapter 5
Five Year Plans
The revenue and expenditure figures of the last working plan period have been mentioned.
Chapter - 6
Staff and Labour supply
6.1 Staff : South Betul territorial division looks after protection, developmental and allied activities while production division operates in the annual coupes. For social forestry and extension activities there is a separate Research & Extention Unit. The present staff strength is not adequate, especially at the forest guard level. Because of this shortage, many beats are lying vacant.
6.2 Labour Supply : Labour force is generally adequate for forestry operations.
Chapter - 7
Past systems of management & their results
7.1 Past History :- History of Betul forests before 1820 is obscure. Since 1820 till the formation of forest department, the main activities were Dahiya cultivation and extraction of timber on permits by contractors.
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7.2 Past Management & results : In 1862 cutting of Teak, Saja, Bija and Shisham was prohibited under "waste land rules". Forests were surveyed and demarcated in between 1864 and 1877. Extraction of forest produce was carried out under commutation system since 1865 and later under licence system since 1872. In 1893 felling series were formed for systematic management and improvement fellings were carried out. In 1896 working plan was outlined which could not be followed. Fernandes prepared first regular working plan for Betul forests in 1897, forming regular (30 & 20 yrs. rotation) and nistar (5 yrs.rotation) felling series. Coppice-with-standard and improvement fellings were presribed. This plan was revised by English in 1927. High forest working circle, Low forest working circle, Unworkable working circle and Bamboo (overlapping) working circle were constituted. In high forest working circle, conversion period was kept 80 & 60 yrs. And keeping 20 yrs regeneration period conversion to uniform system was adopted. In low forest working circle, coppice system was adopted with 40 years rotation. No operation was prescribed in unworkable working circle, while bamboo forests with workable quantity were alloted to bamboo overlapping working circle. Due to certain basic faults, this plan was revised only after 7 years by Lamba in 1934, forming conversion working circle, Improvement working circle, coppice working circle, miscellaneous working circle and Bamboo overlapping working circle. Alloting good teak forests to conversion working circle, conversion and regeneration period was fixed at 60 and 20 years, respectively. Felling rules framed were based on regeneration status and being confusing were changed in 1934 on physical type distinction. Improvement fellings were prescribed with 40 years rotation in improvement working circle. Coppice-with-reserve system with 40 years rotation was applied in coppice working circle. In miscellaneous working circle, felling-cum-cleaning was to be done at 10 year cycle. Bamboo bearing areas were alloted to Bamboo overlapping working circle. Lamba prapared working plan for Sawalmendha and Dabka rages (1935-1951) on the same Iines as above. Due to Second World War the above plan could be revised by Sharma, with some delay, in 1952. Under this plan Teak conversion Working circle, selection-cum-improvement working circle, Protection working circle, Miscellaneous working circle, softwood overlapping working circle and Bamboo overlapping working circle were constituted. In teak conversion working circle, rotation and conversion period was fixed at 100 yrs. and five periodic blocks of 20 years each were formed. Felling was prescribed on physical typification, such as plateau and hill top type, hill slope type and valley type etc. In Selection-cum-improvement, felling cycle of 40 year was adopted. In low quality teak forests,
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coppice-with-reserve system was adopted with 50 years rotation. Selection-cum-improvement fellings on 30-year cycle were prescribed in Protection working circle. In miscellaneous working circle all Teak trees above 120-cm. girth were to be felled. In soft wood working circle, working could not be done. Standard bamboo felling rules were applied in Bamboo overlapping working circle. This working plan was revised by Sahu in 1970, which remained effective till 1992 in Amla range. Teak conersion working circle, S.C.I. & C.W.R. working circle, Plantation working circle and Bamboo overlapping working circle were constituted. 100 years was kept as rotation in Teak conversion working circle. In selection-cum-improvement and Improvement working circle, felling cycle was kept 30 and 20 years respectively. In coppice-with-reserve, 50 years rotation was adopted. Standard bamboo cutting rules were precribed. Mishra revised the working plan for South Betul forest division in 1973, which remained applicable till 1992 (except Amla range). In this plan Teak conversion working circle, coppice-with-reserve working circle, Protection working circle, Bamboo overlapping working circle and Miscellaneous working circle were formed. In Teak conversion working circle 5 periodic blocks with 100 years rotation were constituted. In coppice-with-reserve working circle, 60 years rotation was adopted and prescriptions of selection system were adopted. Improvement fellings were presribed in Protection working circle. Standard bamboo felling rules were prescribed in Bamboo overlapping working circle. In Miscellaneous working circle, as per prescriptions of coppice-with-reserve working circle, fellings were to be carried out. In 1982 amendments were made in the Mishra’s plan. In Teak conversion working circle, treatment types of Sahu’s plan were, more or less, adopted. Coppice-with-reserves working circle was renamed as Selection-cum-Improvement Working circle and 15 & 35 year thinnings were dropped.
The extraction of forest produce from protected forest was at the wishes of Malguzar before abolition of Malguzari system in 1951. Later Nistar and grazing Zones were constituted after due enquiries by Nistar Officer. In 1955-56 forest department made out a “15 lakh- 25 Lakh” adhoc scheme. Improvement fellings on 20 years-cycle were carried out. In later years, certain re-adjustments were made in the number of felling series. However, fellings were on the same lines. In 1961 Saxena prepared working scheme for protected forests, which is remained applicable in South Betul forest division (except Amla range) till 1992. Improvement Working Circle and Bamboo Overlapping Working Circle were constituted. Prescriptions for improvement fellings and bamboo cutting were on similar lines of the working plans in vogue at that time. Verma (1969) prepared working scheme, which was applied to
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Amla range. Coppice-with-reserve working circle, Adhoc working circle and Bamboo overlapping working circle were formed. 20 years cycle/rotation was adopted in coppice-with-reserve and Adhoc working circle. Standard bamboo cutting rules were prescribed with a felling cycle of 4 years.
Dr. Ram Pratap Singh revised previous working plans, including Amla Range, in 1992. In this working plan, forests were divided in only two working circles. Selection cum improvement working circle included good & medium quality teak & mixed forests. Conversion w. c., IWC, SCI, Protection w. c. & CWR forests of previous plans were put into this working circle. Selection & pre-selection girths were fixed on the basis of average 100 yr. age. Felling cycle of 20 yrs was fixed. Selection girth was fixed at 120 cms for Teak, Saja & Haldu, 105 cms for Bija, Salai & Moyan & 90 cms for rest of the species. 50 % of the silviculturally available & comparitively unhealthy selection girth trees were to be removed in the workable forests. Post felling silvicultural operations were prescribed in the yr following the felling & 10th yr thinning was also prescribed. In Protection Cum Rehabilitation W.C., forests within 100 mtr strip on both sides of Tapti River, forests with quite precipitous slopes & low quality forests with medium & low density & more blanks were included. Felling cycle of 20 yrs was adopted so as to treat the area in minimum possible time. In treatments, all live stumps of good coppicer species were to be dressed, all deformed growth below 20 cms was to be removed & all deformed growth above 20 cms, that was silviculturally available, also was to be removed. Dense pole crop was to be thinned & light improvement felling - where silviculturally permissible - was prescribed in rest of the dense forests. In the year following the treatment, post felling silvicultural operations & cleaning after 5 years were to be carried out. Bamboo forests of Amla range were included in Bamboo (Overlapping) Working Circle. Bamboo felling rules in vogue were prescribed for ths W.C.
It was found that only main felling coupes were worked in the SCI W.C. & thinning coupes were left untreated. Only 20% coupes were found to be treated in PCR W.C. As, post felling prohibitions could not observed upto desired levels (e.g. complete protection from grazing & fire), expected results could not be achieved. Omnipresent weeds like Lantana, hampered the natural regeneration very badly. But, the last 2-3 years, thanks to effective JFM, saw a tern around of sorts & the situation has improved quite a bit in this period.
In bamboo overlapping working circle, the bamboo forests were divided into three treatment types. The first type included good & dense bamboo forests of all quality classes. Second treatment type included area of dense but degraded bamboo
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clumps. Area bearing sparse bamboo clumps was put in the third type. Suitable treatments were prescribed accordingly. It was also mentioned that in the event of gregerious bamboo flowering the normal prescriptions would remain suspended. The treatments prescribed for all the three treatment types are as follows -
1. First treatment type - In the clumps not having the minimum number of culms [20 for first grade, 15 for second grade and 10 for third grade], only silvicultural operations where to be carried out. The felling of bamboo was to be carried out in the culms having more than the required bamboo culms.
2. Second treatment type - No commercial felling was to be carried out. Only silvicultural operations were prescribed.
3. Third treatment type - Only silvicultural operations were prescribed. The area was to be improved by bamboo plantation.
In bamboo overlapping working circle, 83.33% area was worked. But, there was almost complete absence of silvicultural working of degraded clumps. Fire & grazing protections were also not satisfactory. Due to all these reasons & also due to ever increasing illicit felling, the bamboo forests have been depleted alarmingly. But, due to JFM & good participation of people surrounding the forests, there has been some improvement in the last 2-3 years.
Chapter - 8
Growth & Yield Statistics
Available growth data of teak & other species has been utilised. Forest resources survey work has also been carried out to assess growing stock, crop composition, distribution pattern and regeneration status. All gathered information has formed a solid database to formulate the working plan prescriptions. Rotation of 100 years has been adopted for teak.
Chapter 9
Timber and Bamboo production
Independent production division carries out timber & bamboo production works of the plan area. This chapter contains brief procedure of production working, general instructions about various works in the coupes, logging plan, production of fuel states, recording, stacking, transportation, maintenance of various types of saws etc.
Similarly, it also contains departmental instructions & procedures regarding the various works of bamboo coupes.
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PART - II
Future management - discussed & proposed
Chapter - 1
Basis for proposals
1.1 Objects of management :- The future management of the forests is to be directed towards implementation of the National forest policy, 1988. The basic objectives, essentials of forest management and guiding principles for managing the state forests are dictated in the policy. Local conditions and factors influencing the management prescriptions have been identified. Considering both the aspects, the objects of management have been decided. They include environmental stability, protecting vegetal cover, plantation, rehabilitation of degraded forests, fulfillment of local requirements, improving bamboo forests, tribal development, wildlife conservation, sustained yield maintaining continuity of forests, scientific management of minor forest produce etc.
1.2 Method of treatment :- To achieve above objectives different methods of treatment have been prescribed for managing the forests under two self content working circles and four overlapping working circles.
1.3 Analysis and valuation of the crop :- The forests have been stock mapped on standard lines and resource survey has also been conducted. The results have been compiled at appropriate places.
1.4 Period of the Plan :- The plan is prepared for 10 years, from 2006-07 to 2015-16. However, provisions have been made for 20 years in the self-content working circles.
1.5 Formation of working circles: - To achieve the objectives & in accordance with the methods of treatment, the details of the formed working circles are as under -
S. No.
Proposed Working Circles
No. of felling series
Area included in the W. C. in Ha.
% of area incuded in the W. C.
Was this W.C. included in the previous plan
Remark
1
Selection cum Improvement W.C.
41
80857
69-15
Yes.
Formation of the W.C. is same.
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2
Rehabilitation W. C.
42
36085
30-85
The treatments are partly different.
Formation of the W.C. is same.
3
Plantation Managment Overlapping W.C.
30
8606
(Overlapping)
No.
Management of old plantations & planting new ones.
4
JFM Overlapping W.C.
11
3143
(Overlapping)
No.
Plantable area allotted to VFCs
5
Bamboo overlapping working circle.
4
4422
(Overlapping)
Yes.
Formation of the W.C. is different.
6
RDBF Overlapping W.C.
5
4597
(Overlapping)
No.
Only bamboo overlapping W.C. was included in the previous plan.
Chapter - 2
Selection-cum-Improvement working circle
2.1 Good & medium quality teak & mixed forests have been alloted to this working circle. The total area is 80857 Ha. The main object of management is to develop, conserve and build up the growing stock. Along with teak, mixed species have been equally given due weightage. Felling cycle is 20 years. 41 felling serieses are formed. Yield is regulated by area. With the help of resources survey data and keeping in view the magnitude of biotic pressure, percentage of trees to be cut has been fixed applying Smytnies safeguarding formula.
2.2 Selection Girth: - The selection girth has been fixed for teak forests on the basis of the conclusions drawn from the growth & yield data (chapter-8, part-1). For other species, the selection girth has been fixed on the basis of available growth data.
Chart, giving the selection & pre-selection girths
GBH in Cms.
S. No.
Species
Selection girth in Cms.
Pre-Selection girth in Cms.
1
Teak
120
90 & 120
2
Saja
120
90 & 120
3
Lendia, Bhiriya, Dhawada
90
60 & 90
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2.3 Treatment Types & Their Treatments: - The forest area would be divided into following treatment types & treated accordingly.
A - Protected Areas.
1- Slopes steeper than 25º (The steepness or the angle of the slopes would be measured with the help of Haga Altimeter).
2- Frost affected areas.
3- 20 meter strip on either sides of rivers/nallahs with well defined banks.
4- Rocky areas & Permanent Blanks.
5- 200 meter strip on either sides of Tapti River.
B - Blank & Under-stocked forest areas (crown density 0.4 & less).
(A) Areas with sufficient root stock of good coppicer species.
(B) Areas without sufficient root stock of good coppicer species.
(I) Plantable areas having good soil.
(II) Unsuccessful plantations (survival percentage less than 75% for compensatory plantations & less than 30% for other plantations)
(III) Areas with shallow soil depth, fit for grass planting.
C - Dense workable forests (crown density more than 0.4).
1- Thinnable pole crop areas (GBH upto 45 cms for teak & upto 60 cms for other species).
2- Rest of the dense workable forests.
Chapter - 3
Rehabilitation Management Working Circle
3.1 In this working circle, 200-meter strip on both sides of the Tapti River, Steep slopes, inaccessible areas and low & medium density forest with more open area have been allotted. The total area is 36085 hectares. Main objects of management are to protect unguarded soil and through rehabilitating the forests conserve and improve the crop conditions. Treatment/felling cycle is 20 years. 42 felling series are formed.
3.2 Treatment Types & Their Treatments: - The forest area would be divided into following treatment types & treated accordingly.
A - Protected Areas.
1- Slopes steeper than 25º (The steepness or the angle of the slopes would be measured with the help of Haga Altimeter).
2- Frost affected areas.
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3- 20 meter strip on either sides of rivers/nallahs with well defined banks.
4- Rocky areas & Permanent Blanks.
5- 200 meter strip on either sides of Tapti River.
B - Old Plantations.
1- Successful plantations (survival percentage more than 75% for compensatory plantations & less than 30% for other plantations)
2- Unsuccessful plantations (survival percentage less than 75% for compensatory plantations & less than 30% for other plantations)
C - Under-stocked forest areas (crown density 0.3 to 0.4).
Rehabilitable areas with sufficient root stock of good coppicer species.
D - Blank forest areas (crown density 0.2 & less).
D-1 Plantable areas having good soil.
D-2 Bigger than 5 Ha. areas with shallow soil depth, fit for grass planting.
D-3 Undulating, bouldery & rocky patches with meager or no soil cover,
C - Rest of the forests (crown density more than 0.4).
1- Pole crop areas (GBH upto 45 cms for teak & upto 60 cms for other species).
2- Rest of the dense forests.
Chapter - 4
Bamboo (overlapping) working circle
Good bamboo forests limited to Amla range have been allotted to this W. C.. The total area is 4422 hectares and bamboo bearing area is 2786 hectares. Cutting cycle will be 4 years. Four felling series are formed & yield is regulated by area. Standard bamboo felling rules are prescribed. Felling of karla & Mohila bamboos is prohibited. Minimum number of culms per clump to be retained in quality I, II & III will be 20, 15 & 10 respectively. Rhizome will not be dug out and felling will start after 15 th October.
Chapter 5
Rehabilitation of Degraded Bamboo Forest [over lapping] working circle.
It contain the natural but degraded bamboo forest of Amla range, along with old bamboo plantations of the division. The area of the W.C. is 3946 ha. out of which 2011 ha. are natural bamboo forests. In addition, it also contains old bamboo plantations spread over 651 ha. Treatment cycle of four years is adopted. There are four treatment series of natural bamboo forest & one of bamboo plantations.
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Chapter 6
Plantation management [Overlapping] W.C.
The plantable areas & old plantations of the plan area have been included in this W.C. According to stock mapping, the plantable area in the division is 11749 ha. Out of this area, 8606 Ha. Has been included in this W.C. & divided into 20 treatment series. Those areas of this W.C., falling in coupes I to X, would be treated along with other treatments of those coupes & also the area from coupes XI to XX, due after 10 years, would also be treated simultaneously. Thus, whole of plantable area would be treated in 10 years.
From the point of view of management, old plantations have been divided into two categories. First category includes plantations prior to 1992 & the other includes those planted afterwords. Plantations in the first category have been divided into 8 treatment series & those in the second category, into 2 treatment series. All these plantations would also be treated in 10 years.
Chapter 7
Joint Forest management
There are 665 villages within 5 Km. distance from forest boundaries in the plan area. Forest committees have been formed in 303 villages. 132 are FPCs & the rest 171 are VFCs. Out of these committees, 5 % were selected randomly for carrying out opinion & inspection surveys. These surveys have revealed that there is a certain amount of improvement in the matters of forest protection.
To develop strong bond between forest & forest committees, a scheme titled "Swa-Van" has been formulated. In this scheme, VFCs have been allotted approximately 25 Ha. of plantable forest area, so that the villages will be able to grow & harvest the forest produce of their choice. In all, 11 treatment series have been formed under this scheme.
Chapter 8
Forest Protection Management
Forest protection is the back bone of forest management. In order to analyse the situation of forest protection in plan area, information & data were collected from "Forest Management Information System". Based on this analysis, remedies have been prescribed. The remedies can be divided into the following two categories -
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1. Strengthening of Administration.
2. Ensuring peoples participation.
Chapter 9
NTFP Management
National forest policy, 1988 laid special emphasize on NTFP management. SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats) was carried out to take stock of strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities & threats of present system in the plan area. Based on this analysis, an 8-pronged project has been formulated to ensure sustainable NTFP management. This is a 10 year project, estimated cost of which is Rs. 3.85 crore.
Chapter - 10
Research, Extension, Social Forestry & Lok Vaniki
Plan area falls under the jurisdiction of Research & Extension Circle, Betul. The forest area is only 25% of the geographic area & there are very less private forests in the plan area. So, with a view to reduce pressure on the forests & to extend forestry crops over non forest areas, three types of programmes have been prescribed in this chapter. They are -
1. Family based programmes.
2. Community based programmes.
3. Departmental programmes.
Chapter - 11
Wild Life Management
The information generated by last few wild life censuses and also the information of human deaths because of attack by wild animals, cases of human beings wounded by wild animals, cases of cattle lifting and cases of poaching etc. was analyzed to take stock of the situation. The special microhabitats and geomorphological habitats seen during the stock mapping have been mentioned along with their treatments. Similarly, to ensure protection of wild life, remedies such as vaccination of cattle and registration of weapons etc. have also been given. Habitat improvement works, such as creation of water holes etc. have also been prescribed.
Chapter - 12
Bio-diversity Conservation
Forest department is the protector of the largest bio-diversity in the state. Satpuda region is regarded as one of the richest bio-diversity regions of the country. Department of Bio-diversity and Bio-technology, Government of M.P. has published "
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M.P. State Bio-diversity Strategy and Action Plan" in June 2002. This document includes the reasons of Bio-diversity related problems, procedures, and its effects. It also suggests remedies to address these problems. This chapter includes programmes to implement these remedies.
Chapter - 13
Miscellaneous Regulations
This chapter includes compilation of guidelines and instructions on the topics mentioned below -
1 Maintenance of boundaries and boundary pillars.
2 Nistar.
3 Grazing control.
4 Fire protection.
5 Nursery.
6 Plantation.
7 Forest villages.
8 Forest roads.
9 Buildings.
10 Production of forest produces and its disposal.
11 Procedure for marking.
12 Procedure for felling and logging.
13 Irregular exploitation.
14 Diversion and handing over of forest land.
15 Forest settlement.
16 Soil erosion and soil conservation.
17 Water supply.
18 Health.
19 Protected trees.
20 Pest and disease control.
21 Maintenance of maps.
22 Distribution of working plan books.
23 Maintenance of sample plots and conservation plots.
24 Eco-tourism.
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Chapter -14
Establishment and Labour
Suggestions regarding training and welfare of staff and labour have been incorporated in this chapter.
Chapter - 15
Maintenance of Records for Control
In order to ensure effective control over field works and to ensure systematic implementation of working plan, provisions have been made for the maintenance of standard records.
Chapter - 16
General Financial Forecast And Financial plan of operation
Cost estimates for the implementation of various working circles and also for the provisions prescribed in various chapters have been incorporated in this chapter. The total estimated expenditure of this plan is about 302 crore Rs. Also, in order to access the financial efficiency of the plan, cost-benefit ratio has also been calculated. It is coming out to be 1:80.
Summary of the working plan for South Betul Forest Division
for the period
2006-07 to 2015-16
Part – 1
Summary of the facts on which proposals are based
Chapter - 1
The Tract dealt with
1.1 Name and situation :- This Working Plan covers all the reserved and demarcated protected forests of South Betul Forest Division. The area dealt with lies between 21º 21' 17" and 22º 6' 47" North latitudes and 77º 28' 00" and 78º 35' 26" East longitudes. During the plan period of Dr. R. P. Singh, some part of Amla Range was merged with North Betul Forest Division to form Ranipur Range. Shri B. K. Mishra has already prepared the working plan for the area, so handed over to North Betul Division. So, that area has been excluded from this working plan.
1.2 Configuration :- The area is mostly hilly tract which lies in Satpuda mountain ranges. The southern belt is more rugged than rest of the area. Tapti River originates from Multai, range H.Q. of the division, and flows for about 109 kilometers within the division. The elevation varies from 441.82 meters to 1133.03 meters above Mean Sea Level.
1.3 Geology :- The geological formations commonly met with are the Granites, Barakar Sand stones lying directly over the Granites and the Traps. The recent alluvium deposits are found on the banks of the major streams and rivers throughout the division. The forest soils vary from loose sand or reddish murrum to dark stiff clayey loam or black cotton soil, including all intermediate gradations. Trap soils, compared to soils derived from the Granite and the sand stone rocks, are more fertile.
1.4 Climate :- The tract bears a moderate climate and receives a good amount of annual rainfall (varying from 1959.22 m.m. to 1301.33 m.m.) from the South west mansoon. The summer is comparatively not so hot. The mean daily temperature varies from 18.7º C to 32.1º C. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded is 48.8º C. As such plant growth is safe from the inimical effect of high temperature.
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The mean annual rainfall is 1180.23 mm. and the normal range of annual rainfall is 1059.22 mm. to 1301.23 mm. Winter rains are generally common. The climate in the forest area is humid and conducive to good growth of deciduous vegetation. The analysis of climatic data indicates that from mid-June to November period is most suited for plant growth as the soil moisture conditions are optimum to fair, Climate is hot and dry to damp and general conditions of plant growth are most favourable. Thus, most suitable period of vegetation growth during a year is only about 5 months, resulting in dry deciduous type of natural vegetation. Where-ever the natural regeneration is inadequate, coppice growth and planting can be resorted for restocking the forest.
1.5 Water Supply :- The position of drinking water supply is generally satisfactory. In summer months, the problem of drinking water tends to be acute in certain areas e.g. Athner & its surroundings.
1.6 Distribution of area :- The area of reserved and protected forests, covered under this plan, are 86101 ha. and 30841.501 ha., respectively & distributed over six ranges.
1.7 State of boundaries :- The maintenance of boundaries, especially in case of protected forests, is extremely poor and requires immediate attention.
1.8 Legal Position :- All reserved forests of the division have been declared reserved in 1879. In case of demarcated protected forests, the settlement proceedings are pending with Sub-divisional officer (revenue).
1.9 Rights and concessions :- Reserved forests are not burdened with any kind of rights. The settlement proceedings are in progress in case of protected forest blocks. The state government, has allowed concessions in respect of grazing, small timber, bamboo, fuel & non-nationalised minor forest produces etc. These rightes/ concessions are compiled annually in the nistar patrika.
Chapter - 2
Forest Flora & Fauna
2.1 Composition and condition of the crop :- The forests of the plan area are broadly classified into teak and mixed forests. As per the "Revised survey of forest types of
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India" by champion and Seth, the forests of the division can be classified as – 1) Type 3 B – South tropical moist deciduous forests. 2) Type 5 A – South tropical dry deciduous forests, and 3) Type 4 F/R-5 Riparian fringing forests. Moist deciduous forests are found in very limited area in moist patches of the division.
2.2 In teak forests the % of teak is varying from 20 to 80%. Site Quality is generally M.P. III to IVA. Crop is mostly young aged. Density varies from 0.6 to 0.8 Blank and understocked patches are met with in patches through-out. Regeneration is patchy and inadequate. Teak is the main species in overwood. The associate species in the top storey are Saja, Dhaora, Lendia, Salai, Aonla, Bija, Rohan, Bhirra, Dudhi etc. The important species of understorey are Aonla, Tendu, Dhaman, Achar, Kasai, Ghont, Tinsa etc. Bamboo forest is limited to Amla range. Lantana, Marorphali, Dhawai, Siharu, Khareta, Nirgud, etc. are commonly present in the undergrowth. Grass species of the area are Muchhel, Rosha, Kail, Gondar, Kans etc.
Mahul, Keonti, Palasbel, Chilati, etc. are common climbers.
2.3 Large chunks of mixed forests are met with in Amla range due to fovourable soil types. Species composition of mixed forests is almost similar except that the percentage of teak decreases and percentage of other miscellaneous species increases. Bamboo forests are limited to Amla range. At places Dudhi, Saja, Bhirra, Dhaora and Harra are found in pure patches in the division.
2.4 Salai species is commonly found in Sawalmendha and Athner ranges. Drier conditions, Southern aspect, shallow soil and rocky slopes are main factors for presence of Salai in these areas.
2.5 Injuries to which the crop is liable : - Forests of the plan area suffer a great deal on account of illicit felling. Other factors are encroachments, fire and grazing for forest loss. Due to increasing biotic pressure, large blanks & under-stocked patches are common in protected forest areas. It is causing an exponential increase in the degraded forest area. Lantana is adversely affecting the regeneration.
2.6 Soil-erosion :- Blank areas, slopes and banks of water courses are more prone to sheet and rill erosion. At places gulley erosion and landslides are also met with.
2.7 Forest resources survey and Regeneration survey: -
1. Total No. of trees in whole plan area -6,26,78,648.
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2. Total growing stock in plan area - 49,86,120 cmt.
3. Average No. of trees per hectare in plan area - 535.76
4. Average growing stock per hectare in plan area - 42.62 cmt.
5. Total established regeneration per hectare in plan area - 776.32 Trees
6. No of bamboo Clumps per hectare in the bamboo forest area - 145.7
2.8. Wild life:- The mammals found in the plan area are tiger, panther, spotted deer, sambhar, hyena, fox, bear, blue bull, wild boar etc. Langoor and monkeys are also very common. In birds peacocks, parakeets, pigeons, quails, jungle myna, koels, crows, woodpeckers, common house sparrows etc. are found in the plan area. Among reptiles, snakes of various species e.g. cobra, crait, viper, rat snakes and python are found in the plan area. Among fishes rohu, samal, naren, chalwa, mangur, singhi etc. are found in the plan area.
Chapter - 3
Utilisation of produce
3.1 Agricultural customs & Requirements of population :- Socio - economic survey of the area indicates that agriculture and forest still play a pivotal role in rural economy. Agricultural holdings are small and traditional way of agriculture is prevalent. Poverty prevails in the area. Local people work as forest-laboureres to supplement their food and income. Scheduled tribe constitutes about 39% of the total population. The level of literacy is very low in general. Forest produce is in much demand for agricultural implements, housing and cooking. The demand is increasing day by day with the increase of population. Small timber, bamboo & fuel is supplied as per the new Nistar Policy 1996. Dry and fallen fuelwood is allowed to be taken out by head loads, free of cost.
3.2 Market and marketable produce :- The local demand for Timber and Tendupatta is less than the production and hence these items are exported. Non-nationalised minor forest produce Is allowed to be collected from forests free of cost.
3.3 Exploitation method & Cost :- Main forest produce is exploited departmentally. Tendupatta is collected & marketed through M. P. MFP ( Trade & Development) Co-operative Federation (Ltd.) With the increasing price index, the exploitation costs have also increased. Most of the forestry operations are carried out on job rates sanctioned by the Conservator of Forest of the circle.
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Chapter 4
Socio-Economic Survey
Socio-economic survey was conducted on 72 families of 5 forest villages and 184 families of five revenue villages. Main findings are as under -
1. The average family size in forest village and revenue village is 7.41 and 5.58 persons per family, respectively.
2. 72.65% villagers of the plan area reside in kutcha mud houses.
3. The average income of a revenue villager in 5.25 times higher than that of a forest villager.
4. 60% of the cow dung produced in plan area in used as fuel in the form of cow-dung-cakes.
5. The average consumption of timber and fuel wood in the plan area in three times and five times higher than the national average respectively.
Chapter 5
Five Year Plans
The revenue and expenditure figures of the last working plan period have been mentioned.
Chapter - 6
Staff and Labour supply
6.1 Staff : South Betul territorial division looks after protection, developmental and allied activities while production division operates in the annual coupes. For social forestry and extension activities there is a separate Research & Extention Unit. The present staff strength is not adequate, especially at the forest guard level. Because of this shortage, many beats are lying vacant.
6.2 Labour Supply : Labour force is generally adequate for forestry operations.
Chapter - 7
Past systems of management & their results
7.1 Past History :- History of Betul forests before 1820 is obscure. Since 1820 till the formation of forest department, the main activities were Dahiya cultivation and extraction of timber on permits by contractors.
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7.2 Past Management & results : In 1862 cutting of Teak, Saja, Bija and Shisham was prohibited under "waste land rules". Forests were surveyed and demarcated in between 1864 and 1877. Extraction of forest produce was carried out under commutation system since 1865 and later under licence system since 1872. In 1893 felling series were formed for systematic management and improvement fellings were carried out. In 1896 working plan was outlined which could not be followed. Fernandes prepared first regular working plan for Betul forests in 1897, forming regular (30 & 20 yrs. rotation) and nistar (5 yrs.rotation) felling series. Coppice-with-standard and improvement fellings were presribed. This plan was revised by English in 1927. High forest working circle, Low forest working circle, Unworkable working circle and Bamboo (overlapping) working circle were constituted. In high forest working circle, conversion period was kept 80 & 60 yrs. And keeping 20 yrs regeneration period conversion to uniform system was adopted. In low forest working circle, coppice system was adopted with 40 years rotation. No operation was prescribed in unworkable working circle, while bamboo forests with workable quantity were alloted to bamboo overlapping working circle. Due to certain basic faults, this plan was revised only after 7 years by Lamba in 1934, forming conversion working circle, Improvement working circle, coppice working circle, miscellaneous working circle and Bamboo overlapping working circle. Alloting good teak forests to conversion working circle, conversion and regeneration period was fixed at 60 and 20 years, respectively. Felling rules framed were based on regeneration status and being confusing were changed in 1934 on physical type distinction. Improvement fellings were prescribed with 40 years rotation in improvement working circle. Coppice-with-reserve system with 40 years rotation was applied in coppice working circle. In miscellaneous working circle, felling-cum-cleaning was to be done at 10 year cycle. Bamboo bearing areas were alloted to Bamboo overlapping working circle. Lamba prapared working plan for Sawalmendha and Dabka rages (1935-1951) on the same Iines as above. Due to Second World War the above plan could be revised by Sharma, with some delay, in 1952. Under this plan Teak conversion Working circle, selection-cum-improvement working circle, Protection working circle, Miscellaneous working circle, softwood overlapping working circle and Bamboo overlapping working circle were constituted. In teak conversion working circle, rotation and conversion period was fixed at 100 yrs. and five periodic blocks of 20 years each were formed. Felling was prescribed on physical typification, such as plateau and hill top type, hill slope type and valley type etc. In Selection-cum-improvement, felling cycle of 40 year was adopted. In low quality teak forests,
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coppice-with-reserve system was adopted with 50 years rotation. Selection-cum-improvement fellings on 30-year cycle were prescribed in Protection working circle. In miscellaneous working circle all Teak trees above 120-cm. girth were to be felled. In soft wood working circle, working could not be done. Standard bamboo felling rules were applied in Bamboo overlapping working circle. This working plan was revised by Sahu in 1970, which remained effective till 1992 in Amla range. Teak conersion working circle, S.C.I. & C.W.R. working circle, Plantation working circle and Bamboo overlapping working circle were constituted. 100 years was kept as rotation in Teak conversion working circle. In selection-cum-improvement and Improvement working circle, felling cycle was kept 30 and 20 years respectively. In coppice-with-reserve, 50 years rotation was adopted. Standard bamboo cutting rules were precribed. Mishra revised the working plan for South Betul forest division in 1973, which remained applicable till 1992 (except Amla range). In this plan Teak conversion working circle, coppice-with-reserve working circle, Protection working circle, Bamboo overlapping working circle and Miscellaneous working circle were formed. In Teak conversion working circle 5 periodic blocks with 100 years rotation were constituted. In coppice-with-reserve working circle, 60 years rotation was adopted and prescriptions of selection system were adopted. Improvement fellings were presribed in Protection working circle. Standard bamboo felling rules were prescribed in Bamboo overlapping working circle. In Miscellaneous working circle, as per prescriptions of coppice-with-reserve working circle, fellings were to be carried out. In 1982 amendments were made in the Mishra’s plan. In Teak conversion working circle, treatment types of Sahu’s plan were, more or less, adopted. Coppice-with-reserves working circle was renamed as Selection-cum-Improvement Working circle and 15 & 35 year thinnings were dropped.
The extraction of forest produce from protected forest was at the wishes of Malguzar before abolition of Malguzari system in 1951. Later Nistar and grazing Zones were constituted after due enquiries by Nistar Officer. In 1955-56 forest department made out a “15 lakh- 25 Lakh” adhoc scheme. Improvement fellings on 20 years-cycle were carried out. In later years, certain re-adjustments were made in the number of felling series. However, fellings were on the same lines. In 1961 Saxena prepared working scheme for protected forests, which is remained applicable in South Betul forest division (except Amla range) till 1992. Improvement Working Circle and Bamboo Overlapping Working Circle were constituted. Prescriptions for improvement fellings and bamboo cutting were on similar lines of the working plans in vogue at that time. Verma (1969) prepared working scheme, which was applied to
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Amla range. Coppice-with-reserve working circle, Adhoc working circle and Bamboo overlapping working circle were formed. 20 years cycle/rotation was adopted in coppice-with-reserve and Adhoc working circle. Standard bamboo cutting rules were prescribed with a felling cycle of 4 years.
Dr. Ram Pratap Singh revised previous working plans, including Amla Range, in 1992. In this working plan, forests were divided in only two working circles. Selection cum improvement working circle included good & medium quality teak & mixed forests. Conversion w. c., IWC, SCI, Protection w. c. & CWR forests of previous plans were put into this working circle. Selection & pre-selection girths were fixed on the basis of average 100 yr. age. Felling cycle of 20 yrs was fixed. Selection girth was fixed at 120 cms for Teak, Saja & Haldu, 105 cms for Bija, Salai & Moyan & 90 cms for rest of the species. 50 % of the silviculturally available & comparitively unhealthy selection girth trees were to be removed in the workable forests. Post felling silvicultural operations were prescribed in the yr following the felling & 10th yr thinning was also prescribed. In Protection Cum Rehabilitation W.C., forests within 100 mtr strip on both sides of Tapti River, forests with quite precipitous slopes & low quality forests with medium & low density & more blanks were included. Felling cycle of 20 yrs was adopted so as to treat the area in minimum possible time. In treatments, all live stumps of good coppicer species were to be dressed, all deformed growth below 20 cms was to be removed & all deformed growth above 20 cms, that was silviculturally available, also was to be removed. Dense pole crop was to be thinned & light improvement felling - where silviculturally permissible - was prescribed in rest of the dense forests. In the year following the treatment, post felling silvicultural operations & cleaning after 5 years were to be carried out. Bamboo forests of Amla range were included in Bamboo (Overlapping) Working Circle. Bamboo felling rules in vogue were prescribed for ths W.C.
It was found that only main felling coupes were worked in the SCI W.C. & thinning coupes were left untreated. Only 20% coupes were found to be treated in PCR W.C. As, post felling prohibitions could not observed upto desired levels (e.g. complete protection from grazing & fire), expected results could not be achieved. Omnipresent weeds like Lantana, hampered the natural regeneration very badly. But, the last 2-3 years, thanks to effective JFM, saw a tern around of sorts & the situation has improved quite a bit in this period.
In bamboo overlapping working circle, the bamboo forests were divided into three treatment types. The first type included good & dense bamboo forests of all quality classes. Second treatment type included area of dense but degraded bamboo
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clumps. Area bearing sparse bamboo clumps was put in the third type. Suitable treatments were prescribed accordingly. It was also mentioned that in the event of gregerious bamboo flowering the normal prescriptions would remain suspended. The treatments prescribed for all the three treatment types are as follows -
1. First treatment type - In the clumps not having the minimum number of culms [20 for first grade, 15 for second grade and 10 for third grade], only silvicultural operations where to be carried out. The felling of bamboo was to be carried out in the culms having more than the required bamboo culms.
2. Second treatment type - No commercial felling was to be carried out. Only silvicultural operations were prescribed.
3. Third treatment type - Only silvicultural operations were prescribed. The area was to be improved by bamboo plantation.
In bamboo overlapping working circle, 83.33% area was worked. But, there was almost complete absence of silvicultural working of degraded clumps. Fire & grazing protections were also not satisfactory. Due to all these reasons & also due to ever increasing illicit felling, the bamboo forests have been depleted alarmingly. But, due to JFM & good participation of people surrounding the forests, there has been some improvement in the last 2-3 years.
Chapter - 8
Growth & Yield Statistics
Available growth data of teak & other species has been utilised. Forest resources survey work has also been carried out to assess growing stock, crop composition, distribution pattern and regeneration status. All gathered information has formed a solid database to formulate the working plan prescriptions. Rotation of 100 years has been adopted for teak.
Chapter 9
Timber and Bamboo production
Independent production division carries out timber & bamboo production works of the plan area. This chapter contains brief procedure of production working, general instructions about various works in the coupes, logging plan, production of fuel states, recording, stacking, transportation, maintenance of various types of saws etc.
Similarly, it also contains departmental instructions & procedures regarding the various works of bamboo coupes.
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PART - II
Future management - discussed & proposed
Chapter - 1
Basis for proposals
1.1 Objects of management :- The future management of the forests is to be directed towards implementation of the National forest policy, 1988. The basic objectives, essentials of forest management and guiding principles for managing the state forests are dictated in the policy. Local conditions and factors influencing the management prescriptions have been identified. Considering both the aspects, the objects of management have been decided. They include environmental stability, protecting vegetal cover, plantation, rehabilitation of degraded forests, fulfillment of local requirements, improving bamboo forests, tribal development, wildlife conservation, sustained yield maintaining continuity of forests, scientific management of minor forest produce etc.
1.2 Method of treatment :- To achieve above objectives different methods of treatment have been prescribed for managing the forests under two self content working circles and four overlapping working circles.
1.3 Analysis and valuation of the crop :- The forests have been stock mapped on standard lines and resource survey has also been conducted. The results have been compiled at appropriate places.
1.4 Period of the Plan :- The plan is prepared for 10 years, from 2006-07 to 2015-16. However, provisions have been made for 20 years in the self-content working circles.
1.5 Formation of working circles: - To achieve the objectives & in accordance with the methods of treatment, the details of the formed working circles are as under -
S. No.
Proposed Working Circles
No. of felling series
Area included in the W. C. in Ha.
% of area incuded in the W. C.
Was this W.C. included in the previous plan
Remark
1
Selection cum Improvement W.C.
41
80857
69-15
Yes.
Formation of the W.C. is same.
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2
Rehabilitation W. C.
42
36085
30-85
The treatments are partly different.
Formation of the W.C. is same.
3
Plantation Managment Overlapping W.C.
30
8606
(Overlapping)
No.
Management of old plantations & planting new ones.
4
JFM Overlapping W.C.
11
3143
(Overlapping)
No.
Plantable area allotted to VFCs
5
Bamboo overlapping working circle.
4
4422
(Overlapping)
Yes.
Formation of the W.C. is different.
6
RDBF Overlapping W.C.
5
4597
(Overlapping)
No.
Only bamboo overlapping W.C. was included in the previous plan.
Chapter - 2
Selection-cum-Improvement working circle
2.1 Good & medium quality teak & mixed forests have been alloted to this working circle. The total area is 80857 Ha. The main object of management is to develop, conserve and build up the growing stock. Along with teak, mixed species have been equally given due weightage. Felling cycle is 20 years. 41 felling serieses are formed. Yield is regulated by area. With the help of resources survey data and keeping in view the magnitude of biotic pressure, percentage of trees to be cut has been fixed applying Smytnies safeguarding formula.
2.2 Selection Girth: - The selection girth has been fixed for teak forests on the basis of the conclusions drawn from the growth & yield data (chapter-8, part-1). For other species, the selection girth has been fixed on the basis of available growth data.
Chart, giving the selection & pre-selection girths
GBH in Cms.
S. No.
Species
Selection girth in Cms.
Pre-Selection girth in Cms.
1
Teak
120
90 & 120
2
Saja
120
90 & 120
3
Lendia, Bhiriya, Dhawada
90
60 & 90
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2.3 Treatment Types & Their Treatments: - The forest area would be divided into following treatment types & treated accordingly.
A - Protected Areas.
1- Slopes steeper than 25º (The steepness or the angle of the slopes would be measured with the help of Haga Altimeter).
2- Frost affected areas.
3- 20 meter strip on either sides of rivers/nallahs with well defined banks.
4- Rocky areas & Permanent Blanks.
5- 200 meter strip on either sides of Tapti River.
B - Blank & Under-stocked forest areas (crown density 0.4 & less).
(A) Areas with sufficient root stock of good coppicer species.
(B) Areas without sufficient root stock of good coppicer species.
(I) Plantable areas having good soil.
(II) Unsuccessful plantations (survival percentage less than 75% for compensatory plantations & less than 30% for other plantations)
(III) Areas with shallow soil depth, fit for grass planting.
C - Dense workable forests (crown density more than 0.4).
1- Thinnable pole crop areas (GBH upto 45 cms for teak & upto 60 cms for other species).
2- Rest of the dense workable forests.
Chapter - 3
Rehabilitation Management Working Circle
3.1 In this working circle, 200-meter strip on both sides of the Tapti River, Steep slopes, inaccessible areas and low & medium density forest with more open area have been allotted. The total area is 36085 hectares. Main objects of management are to protect unguarded soil and through rehabilitating the forests conserve and improve the crop conditions. Treatment/felling cycle is 20 years. 42 felling series are formed.
3.2 Treatment Types & Their Treatments: - The forest area would be divided into following treatment types & treated accordingly.
A - Protected Areas.
1- Slopes steeper than 25º (The steepness or the angle of the slopes would be measured with the help of Haga Altimeter).
2- Frost affected areas.
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3- 20 meter strip on either sides of rivers/nallahs with well defined banks.
4- Rocky areas & Permanent Blanks.
5- 200 meter strip on either sides of Tapti River.
B - Old Plantations.
1- Successful plantations (survival percentage more than 75% for compensatory plantations & less than 30% for other plantations)
2- Unsuccessful plantations (survival percentage less than 75% for compensatory plantations & less than 30% for other plantations)
C - Under-stocked forest areas (crown density 0.3 to 0.4).
Rehabilitable areas with sufficient root stock of good coppicer species.
D - Blank forest areas (crown density 0.2 & less).
D-1 Plantable areas having good soil.
D-2 Bigger than 5 Ha. areas with shallow soil depth, fit for grass planting.
D-3 Undulating, bouldery & rocky patches with meager or no soil cover,
C - Rest of the forests (crown density more than 0.4).
1- Pole crop areas (GBH upto 45 cms for teak & upto 60 cms for other species).
2- Rest of the dense forests.
Chapter - 4
Bamboo (overlapping) working circle
Good bamboo forests limited to Amla range have been allotted to this W. C.. The total area is 4422 hectares and bamboo bearing area is 2786 hectares. Cutting cycle will be 4 years. Four felling series are formed & yield is regulated by area. Standard bamboo felling rules are prescribed. Felling of karla & Mohila bamboos is prohibited. Minimum number of culms per clump to be retained in quality I, II & III will be 20, 15 & 10 respectively. Rhizome will not be dug out and felling will start after 15 th October.
Chapter 5
Rehabilitation of Degraded Bamboo Forest [over lapping] working circle.
It contain the natural but degraded bamboo forest of Amla range, along with old bamboo plantations of the division. The area of the W.C. is 3946 ha. out of which 2011 ha. are natural bamboo forests. In addition, it also contains old bamboo plantations spread over 651 ha. Treatment cycle of four years is adopted. There are four treatment series of natural bamboo forest & one of bamboo plantations.
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Chapter 6
Plantation management [Overlapping] W.C.
The plantable areas & old plantations of the plan area have been included in this W.C. According to stock mapping, the plantable area in the division is 11749 ha. Out of this area, 8606 Ha. Has been included in this W.C. & divided into 20 treatment series. Those areas of this W.C., falling in coupes I to X, would be treated along with other treatments of those coupes & also the area from coupes XI to XX, due after 10 years, would also be treated simultaneously. Thus, whole of plantable area would be treated in 10 years.
From the point of view of management, old plantations have been divided into two categories. First category includes plantations prior to 1992 & the other includes those planted afterwords. Plantations in the first category have been divided into 8 treatment series & those in the second category, into 2 treatment series. All these plantations would also be treated in 10 years.
Chapter 7
Joint Forest management
There are 665 villages within 5 Km. distance from forest boundaries in the plan area. Forest committees have been formed in 303 villages. 132 are FPCs & the rest 171 are VFCs. Out of these committees, 5 % were selected randomly for carrying out opinion & inspection surveys. These surveys have revealed that there is a certain amount of improvement in the matters of forest protection.
To develop strong bond between forest & forest committees, a scheme titled "Swa-Van" has been formulated. In this scheme, VFCs have been allotted approximately 25 Ha. of plantable forest area, so that the villages will be able to grow & harvest the forest produce of their choice. In all, 11 treatment series have been formed under this scheme.
Chapter 8
Forest Protection Management
Forest protection is the back bone of forest management. In order to analyse the situation of forest protection in plan area, information & data were collected from "Forest Management Information System". Based on this analysis, remedies have been prescribed. The remedies can be divided into the following two categories -
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1. Strengthening of Administration.
2. Ensuring peoples participation.
Chapter 9
NTFP Management
National forest policy, 1988 laid special emphasize on NTFP management. SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats) was carried out to take stock of strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities & threats of present system in the plan area. Based on this analysis, an 8-pronged project has been formulated to ensure sustainable NTFP management. This is a 10 year project, estimated cost of which is Rs. 3.85 crore.
Chapter - 10
Research, Extension, Social Forestry & Lok Vaniki
Plan area falls under the jurisdiction of Research & Extension Circle, Betul. The forest area is only 25% of the geographic area & there are very less private forests in the plan area. So, with a view to reduce pressure on the forests & to extend forestry crops over non forest areas, three types of programmes have been prescribed in this chapter. They are -
1. Family based programmes.
2. Community based programmes.
3. Departmental programmes.
Chapter - 11
Wild Life Management
The information generated by last few wild life censuses and also the information of human deaths because of attack by wild animals, cases of human beings wounded by wild animals, cases of cattle lifting and cases of poaching etc. was analyzed to take stock of the situation. The special microhabitats and geomorphological habitats seen during the stock mapping have been mentioned along with their treatments. Similarly, to ensure protection of wild life, remedies such as vaccination of cattle and registration of weapons etc. have also been given. Habitat improvement works, such as creation of water holes etc. have also been prescribed.
Chapter - 12
Bio-diversity Conservation
Forest department is the protector of the largest bio-diversity in the state. Satpuda region is regarded as one of the richest bio-diversity regions of the country. Department of Bio-diversity and Bio-technology, Government of M.P. has published "
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M.P. State Bio-diversity Strategy and Action Plan" in June 2002. This document includes the reasons of Bio-diversity related problems, procedures, and its effects. It also suggests remedies to address these problems. This chapter includes programmes to implement these remedies.
Chapter - 13
Miscellaneous Regulations
This chapter includes compilation of guidelines and instructions on the topics mentioned below -
1 Maintenance of boundaries and boundary pillars.
2 Nistar.
3 Grazing control.
4 Fire protection.
5 Nursery.
6 Plantation.
7 Forest villages.
8 Forest roads.
9 Buildings.
10 Production of forest produces and its disposal.
11 Procedure for marking.
12 Procedure for felling and logging.
13 Irregular exploitation.
14 Diversion and handing over of forest land.
15 Forest settlement.
16 Soil erosion and soil conservation.
17 Water supply.
18 Health.
19 Protected trees.
20 Pest and disease control.
21 Maintenance of maps.
22 Distribution of working plan books.
23 Maintenance of sample plots and conservation plots.
24 Eco-tourism.
Summery of Wor king Plan 531
Chapter -14
Establishment and Labour
Suggestions regarding training and welfare of staff and labour have been incorporated in this chapter.
Chapter - 15
Maintenance of Records for Control
In order to ensure effective control over field works and to ensure systematic implementation of working plan, provisions have been made for the maintenance of standard records.
Chapter - 16
General Financial Forecast And Financial plan of operation
Cost estimates for the implementation of various working circles and also for the provisions prescribed in various chapters have been incorporated in this chapter. The total estimated expenditure of this plan is about 302 crore Rs. Also, in order to access the financial efficiency of the plan, cost-benefit ratio has also been calculated. It is coming out to be 1:80.
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